![]() Inca bones or interparietal bones are so named due to their relative abundance in the Peruvian population. Black arrows indicate the lambdoid suture. White arrow indicates the sagittal suture. A tripartite Inca bone or Interparietal bones (ossicles of Goethe) were located about the lambda as seen in Figure 1 and a typical skull without an Inca bone or other supernumerary bones for comparison is shown in Figure 2.įigure 2. Based upon the size and shape of the piriform aperture as well as the various other anthropometric markings (including piriform aperture morphology), the skull was suspected to be from a black male of unknown age. The Inca bones or interparietal bones (ossicles of Goethe) are considered as a normal variant of human skull ossification and may or may not have association with a pathology.Ī dry human skull primarily used for study in the anatomy program at Bowling Green State University Firelands in Huron, Ohio was found to have a tripartite Inca bone or interparietal bones. ![]() Their high abundance in the Peru population is also strongly suggestive of a genetic inheritance. These interparietal bones have been named “Inca” due to their prevalence in the skulls of mummies of the Inca tribe in Peru. The consequence of irregularities of the ossification centers is the formation of the Inca bones and/or Wormian bones within the sutures of the cranial bones. The “lambda” is an ectocranialosteometric point and the lambdoidal and the suture between the two parietal bones called the sagittal suture intersect are at the point. It may remain separate from the rest of the occipital bone and be known as an “interparietal bone” or in some cases, a Wormian bone of the lambda. The squamous part of the occipital bone develops intramembranously from two centers, one from each side. ![]() The squamosal part articulates with the occipital portions of the parietal bones forming the lambdoid suture. It is composed of a squamous part, a basilar and two lateral parts. The occipital bone forms much of the back and the base of the cranium. Ossification of the neurocranium begins at approximately two to three months of gestation. Some authors may include the three paired middle ear ossicles for a total of twenty- eight. The skull is composed of twenty-two bones divided into eight cranial bones (neurocranium) and fourteen facial bones (viscerocranium). Columbia, Mo: Missouri Archaeological Society, 2005.Received accepted 24 July 2016 published 27 July 2016 Human Osteology A Laboratory and Field Manual 5th ed. This bone is of particular interest to forensic anthropologists as it is commonly broken in cases of strangulation. The hyoid is a small, horn-shaped bone that supports the tongue, and gives attachment to many muscles in speech. The mandible is two separate bones (left and right) that fuse together to form one bone. The Mandible articulates with the temporal bone of the cranium. It is the strongest bone of the face (Bass, 2005). The mandible is more commonly known as the lower jaw bone. These are commonly referred to as the hammer, anvil and the stirrup, respectively, because of their shapes. Bones of the ear– there are 3 bones in the ear canal on each side of your skull known as the malleus, incus and stapes. Inferior nasal concha (Paired)– 2 small fragile bones found inside the nose.ġ3. Vomer (Unpaired)– this is a small, thin bone, that is behind the palate.ġ2. Palatine bones (Paired)– there are 2 palatine bones that form the roof of the mouth.ġ1. Lacrimal (Paired)– 2 bones, one inside each eye orbit, close to the nasal bones.ġ1. Ethmoid (Unpaired)– this is hard to see, it is behind the eyes and nose, helping to form the back wall of the eye orbits.ġ0. Zygomatic bone (Paired)– the left and right zygomatic bones are sometimes referred to as the cheekbones.ĩ. Nasal bones (Paired)– there are 2 nasal bones that come together to form the bridge of your nose.Ĩ. The left and right maxillae fuse together in the middle.ħ. Maxilla (Paired)– this is the upper jaw, where the upper teeth are located. Temporal bone (Paired)– the left and right temporal bones are found on either side of the skull.ĥ. Sphenoid bone (Unpaired)– helps to form the floor and the sides of the cranium.Ħ. The spinal cord goes through a hole in this area (called the foramen magnum) connecting with the brain.Ĥ. Occipital bone (Unpaired)– this is the back of the skull. Parietal bone (Paired)– the left and right parietal bones connect at the top of the skull.ģ. ![]() Frontal bone (Unpaired)– this is the forehead, from the eyebrows to the top of the skull.Ģ. Here is a list of those bones with a brief description:ġ. Some bones are paired, which means there is a left and right, and some bones are unpaired, meaning there is just one. (6 unpaired bone, and 8 paired bones, plus 3 ear bones on each side) (Bass, 2005). The cranium (the skull minus the lower jaw bone, or mandible) consists of 28 bones. ![]()
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